Capybara can find links and fields by their [aria-label]
Sometimes a link or input field has no visible label. E.g. a text field with a magnifying glass icon 🔎 and a "Search" button does not really need a visible label "Query".
For accessibility reasons it is good practice to give such a field an [aria-label] attribute:
<input type="search" aria-label="Search contacts">
This way, when a visually impaired user focuses the field, the screen reader will speak the label text ("Search contacts").
Info
Without an `[aria-...
Git shortcut to fixup a recent commit
git --fixup is very handy to amend a change to a previous commit. You can then autosquash your commits with git rebase -i --autosquash and git will do the magic for you and bring them in the right order. However, as git --fixup wants a ref to another commit, it is quite annoying to use since you always have to look up the sha of the commit you want to amend first.
Inspired by the [shortcut to checkout recent branches with fzf](https://makandracards.com/makandra/505126-g...
Rails: Removing the cucumber-rails warning when setting cache_classes to false without Spring enabled
We are using Spring in our tests for sequential test execution but not for parallel test execution. And Rails requires you to set the config.cache_classes = false if you are using Spring in tests.
With our setup, this would raise the following error in cucumber-rails for parallel test executions due to some legacy database cleaner issue.
WARNING: You have set Rails' config.cache_classes to false
(Spring needs cache_classes set to false). This is known to cause probl...
You should probably load your JavaScript with <script defer>
It is generally discouraged to load your JavaScript by a <script src> tag in the <head>:
<head>
<script src="app.js"></script>
</head>
The reason is that a <script src> tag will pause the DOM parser until the script has loaded and executed. This will delay the browser's first contentful paint.
A much better default is to load your scripts with a <script src defer> tag:
<head>
<script src="app.js" defer></script>
</head>
A deferred script has many useful properties:
- I...
Unobtrusive JavaScript helper to progressively enhance HTML
The attached compiler() function below applies JavaScript behavior to matching HTML elements as they enter the DOM.
This works like an Unpoly compiler for apps that don't use Unpoly, Custom Elements or any other mechanism that pairs JavaScript with HTML elements.
The compiler() function is also a lightweight replacement for our legacy [$.unobtrusive()](https://makandracards.com/makandra/4-unobtrusiv...
Using multiple MySQL versions on the same linux machine using docker
We had a card that described how to install multiple mysql versions using mysql-sandbox. Nowadays with the wide adoption of docker it might be easier to use a MySQL docker image for this purpose.
Create a new mysql instance
docker run --name projectname_db -e MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD=secret -p "33008:3306" -d --restart unless-stopped mysql:5.7
The port 33008 is a freely chosen free port on the host machine that will be used to establish a...
NVM: How to automatically switch version when changing directories
The Node Version Manager allows installing multiple NodeJS versions and switching between them.
By default, it does not automatically switch versions when entering a directory that holds a .nvmrc file.
The project's readme document offers a bash function which calls nvm use after each cd. In fact, it replaces cd in your bash.
I did not want to do that, but instead use the $PROMPT_COMMAND feature. So here is my take on it.
Note that it is much shorter, it probably does a f...
Heads up: counting may be slow in PostgreSQL
The linked article points out that COUNT queries might be unexpectedly slow in PostgreSQL.
If you just need to know "are there any records" use any?. This uses SELECT 1 AS one FROM ... LIMIT 1 under the hood.
If you just need to know "are there no records" use empty? or none?. This uses SELECT 1 AS one FROM ... LIMIT 1 under the hood.
In short: Replace foo.count > 0 with foo.any? or foo.count == 0 with foo.none?
If you require quick counts and can tolerate some level of imprecision, consider exploring the ...
Accessing JavaScript objects from Capybara/Selenium
When testing JavaScript functionality in Selenium (E2E), you may need to access a class or function inside of a evaluate_script block in one of your steps. Capybara may only access definitions that are attached to the browser (over the window object that acts as the base). That means that once you are exporting your definition(s) in Webpacker, these won't be available in your tests (and neither in the dev console). The following principles/concepts also apply to Sprockets.
Say we have a StreetMap class:
// street_map.js
class S...
Marko Denic's list of TIL for HTML
Table of content for the linked article:
1. The `loading=lazy` attribute
2. Email, call, and SMS links
3. Ordered lists `start` attribute
4. The `meter` element
5. HTML Native Search
6. Fieldset Element
7. Window.opener
8. Base Element
9. Favicon cache busting
10. The `spellcheck` attribute
11. Native HTML sliders
12. HTML Accordion
13. `mark` tag
14. `download` attribute
15. Performance tip
16. Video thumbnail
17. input type="search"
Heads up: Byebug has problems with zeitwerk
I encountered a unlucky behavior of byebug 11.1.3 (the most recent version at time of writing) when using it with Rails 6 and it's new autoloading component, zeitwerk. There already is a issue for that, so I hope it will be fixed with a future release.
The following test succeeds:
context 'factories' do
let(:test_case) { FactoryBot.create(:test_case) }
it 'are valid' do
expect(test_case).to be_valid
end
end
But when I did the same in byebug the foll...
RSpec: Ensuring a method is called on an object that will be created in the future
rspec >= 3.1 brings a method and_wrap_original. It seems a bit complicated at first, but there are use cases where it helps to write precise tests. For example it allows to add expectations on objects that will only be created when your code is called.
If you have older rspec, you could use expect_any_instance_of, but with the drawback, that you can't be sure if it really was the correct instance which got the message.
Example
The example model uses different validators based on a flag:
class MyModel < ApplicationRecord
...
How to use ActiveSupport Concerns with dynamic relations
The usual way to build a relation in a ActiveSupport::Concern is this:
module MyModule
extend ActiveSupport::Concern
included do
scope :disabled, -> { where(disabled: true) }
end
end
However, if you have a association with a polymorphic model, where you have to select based on the kind of record, using included like this will not produce the wanted results:
module MyModule
extend ActiveSupport::Concern
included do
has_many :tasks,
->...
Carrierwave: Using a nested directory structure for file system performance
When storing files for lots of records in the server's file system, Carrierwave's default store_dir approach may cause issues, because some directories will hold too many entries.
The default storage directory from the Carrierwave templates looks like so:
class ExampleUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
def store_dir
"uploads/#{model.class.to_s.underscore}/#{mounted_as}/#{model.id}"
end
end
If you store files for 500k records, that store_dir's parent directory will have 500k sub-directories which will cause some...
Carrierwave: How to remove container directories when deleting a record
When deleting a record in your Rails app, Carrierwave automatically takes care of removing all associated files.
However, the file's container directory will not be removed automatically. If you delete records regularly, this may be an annoyance.
Here is a solution which was adapted from the Carrierwave GitHub wiki and cleans up any empty parent directories it can find.
class ExampleUploader < CarrierWave...
Delivering Carrierwave attachments to authorized users only
Preparation
To attach files to your records, you will need a new database column representing the filename of the file. To do this, add a new migration (rails g migration <name>) with the following content:
class AddAttachmentToNotes < ActiveRecord::Migration[6.0]
def change
add_column :notes, :attachment, :string
end
end
Don't forget to rename the class and change the column details to fit your purpose. Run it.
1) Deliver attachments through Rails
The first way is to store your Carrierwave attachments not ...
Capybara: Preventing server errors from failing your test
When your Rails application server raises error, Capybara will fail your test when it clears the session after the last step. The effect is a test that passes all steps, but fails anyway.
Capybara's behavior will help you to detect and fix errors in your application code. However, sometimes your application will explode with an error outside your control. Two examples:
- A JavaScript library references a source map in its build, but forgets to package the source map
- CarrierWave cleans up an upload or cache file after the record was delet...
CarrierWave: Default Configuration and Suggested Changes
CarrierWave comes with a set of default configuration options which make sense in most cases. However, you should review these defaults and adjust for your project wherever necessary.
You will also find suggestions on what to change below.
Understanding the default configuration
Here is the current default config for version 2:
config.permissions = 0644
config.directory_permissions = 0755
config.storage_engines = {
:f...
Regular Expressions: Quantifier modes
When you repeat a subpattern with a *, + or {...} operator, you may choose between greedy, lazy and possessive modes.
Switching modes may affect the result and performance of your regular expressions. In the worst case, an ill-suited mode may make your regular expression so slow that it can DoS your application (Examples are the ActiveRecord's PostgreSQL CVE-2021-22880 or the [Cloudflare outage 2019](https://makandracards.com/makandra/77515-regular-expressions-excessive-backtracking...
Some tips for upgrading Bootstrap from 3 to 4
Recently I made an upgrade from Bootstrap 3 to Bootstrap 4 in a bigger project. Here are some tips how to plan and perform such an upgrade. The effort will scale with the size of the project and its structure. If your stylesheets already follow strict rules, it may take less time to adapt them to the new version.
Preparation
There are several gems and libraries that works well with bootstrap or provide at least stylesheets/plugins to easily integrate the bootstrap theme. But very often they only work with specific version or are no long...
ActiveType #change_association: Define { autosave: true } on parent models
Consider the following models and form models:
class Parent < ApplicationRecord
has_many :children, class_name: 'Child', foreign_key: 'parent_id'
end
class Parent::AsForm < ActiveType::Record[Parent]
change_association :children, class_name: 'Child::AsForm', foreign_key: 'parent_id', autosave: true, inverse_of: :parent
accepts_nested_attributes_for :children
validates_associated :children
end
class Child < ApplicationRecord
belongs_to :parent, inverse_of: :children
end
class Child::AsForm < ActiveType::Reco...
Rails: Postgres Partial Indexing
PostgreSQL has partial indexes. With a partial index you tell Postgres to only index rows matching a given query.
Some uses cases for a partial index:
- You want a uniqueness index, but only under some conditions
- Your table is very large and indexing every row becomes expensive
The linked article shows how to create a partial index with Rails.
DNS debug tools
There are several tools for DNS debugging which offer you more or less information. Most of the time the more simple ones, like host oder nslookup will be sufficient.
host
simple DNS lookup utility.
>host heise.de
heise.de has address 193.99.144.80
heise.de has IPv6 address 2a02:2e0:3fe:1001:302::
heise.de mail is handled by 10 relay.heise.de.
nslookup
query Internet domain name servers. Nslookup has two modes: interactive and non-interactive.
>nslookup heise.de
Server: 146.254.160.30
Address: 146.254.160.3...
Fixing memory leaks in the browser
In my experience, the most common sources of memory leaks are APIs like these:
- addEventListener. This is the most common one. Call removeEventListener to clean it up.
- setTimeout / setInterval. If you create a recurring timer (e.g. to run every 30 seconds), then you need to clean it up with clearTimeout or clearInterval. (setTimeout can leak if it’s used like setInterval – i.e., scheduling a new setTimeout inside of the setTimeout callback.)
- IntersectionObserver, ResizeObserver, MutationObserver, etc. The...