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...actually plan to display or change it. Understand that an expression like User.where(email: 'foo@bar.com') does not make an SQL query. It simply returns a scope object for further chaining...

...Queries in Rails Tips Preventing scopes from loading A scope like User.where(email: 'foo@bar.com') does not make an SQL query. It simply returns a scope object for further chaining with...

...as. It should compare the attributes of two ActiveRecord instances: movie1 = create(:movie, title: 'Foo', year: 2007, description: 'Lorem ipsum') movie2 = create(:movie, title: 'Foo', year: 2007, description: 'Lorem ipsum...

...your arrays a #to_sentence method that may help you build the error message: ['foo', 'bar', 'baz'].to_sentence => "foo, bar and baz" Also see Where to put custom matchers...