There is no CSS selector for matching elements that contains a given string ¹. Luckily, Capybara offers the :text option to go along with your selector:

page.find('div', text: 'Expected content')

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You can also pass a regular expression!

page.find('div', text: /Expected contents?/i)

Note that if your CSS selector is as generic as div, you might get a lot more results than you expect. E.g. a <div class="container"> that surrounds your entire layout will probably also contain that text (in a descendant) and Capybara will return it. See Find the innermost DOM element that contains a given string.

Footnotes

¹ Only in jQuery selectors you can use the non-standard :contains Show archive.org snapshot to match elements containing a given piece of text.