Never use raise_error without specifying the Error you expect.

expect { do_a_lot_of_complicated_stuff }.to raise_error

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will be green if you make any error in programming. E.g. a simple typo would make the test above green. The block will catch the Spec:: exception and the test will be happy.

Be sure to always have custom errors in your models and raise them in a manner that lets you know what went wrong.

expect { execute_payment! }.to raise_error(PayPal::PaymentFailed, "Payment with payment failed")